1. One modern Lemko author similarly characterizes the region: "As an ethnically homogeneous land where a unique folk culture had developed and which had been striving to determine its ethnic identity through the active struggle of various political orientations and movements, the Lemko Region ceased to exist." Olena-Duc' Fajfer. "The Lemkos in Poland," in Paul Robert Magocsi, ed., The persistence of Regional Cultures: Rusyns and Ukrainians in their Carpathian Homeland and Abroad (New York: East European Monographs, 1933). 94.
2. Magocsi, "The Lemko Rusyns: Their Past and Present," Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 5
3. Ibid., 6.
4. Duc'-Fajfer, 85. The inhabitants of this area have referred to themselves as Lemkos as well.
5. This village is actually in former Rzeszow county.
6. Magocsi, 6.
7. Oleh Wolodymyr Iwanusiw, Cerkva v rujini / Church In Ruins (St. Catharines Ont.,: St. Sophia Religious Association, 1987), 18.
8. Ibid., 20.
9. Paul J. Best, "The Lemko-Rusnak Mountaineers and the National Question in People's Poland," in Best ed., Carpatho-Rusyn Studies I (New Haven Ct.: Carpatho-Rusyn Studies Group, 1990) 89.
10. The Old-Rusyn (or Old-Ruthenian) ideology was based on the cultural unity of all Rus' (eastern Slav) peoples, but its proponents were generally loyal Habsburg subjects and were generally satisfied with the Byzantine Catholic Church; for the activities of the Old-Rusyn proponents in the Lemko Region, see Jaroslaw Moklak, "Political Orientations Among the Lemkos in the Interwar Period (1918-1939): An Outline," Carpatho-Rusyn Studies, 18-21.
11. The Russophile ideology was based on the concept of all eastern Slavs being branches of the Great Russian nation, looked to the tsar for political "liberation", and held up the Orthodox Church as the eastern Slavs' true spiritual home. Russophilism in Galicia evolved from Old-Rusynism partially under the influence of the Orthodox movement. For the activities of the Russophiles in the Lemko Region see Best, " Moscophilism amongst the Lemko Population," in Carpatho-Rusyn Studies, 75-84; and Moklak, 16-17.
12. Magocsi, 7; Best, "Moscophilism," 81.
13. Duc'-Fajfer, 91.
14. Petro Trochanovskij, "Lemko Rusyns: The Kurds of Central Europe," Carpatho-Rusyn American XV no. 2 (Summer 1992): 5; Duc'-Fajfer, 90. A number of memorials have been erected throughout the Lemko Region in memory of those Lemkos who perished at Talerhof. Two of these monuments are at Bortne (Gorlice county) and Peregrymka (Jaslo county).
15. Magocsi, 7; Best, "Moscophilism," 81-82.
16. Magocsi, 8. On The Lemko Rusyn People's Republic and Political Thought in Western Rus' - Ukraine," Nationalities Papers XXI, no 2 (Fall 1993), 95-105
17. Duc'-Fajfer, 91.
18. Ibid.
19. Best, "The Lemkos as a Micro-Ethnic Group," in Carpatho-Rusyn Studies, 69.
20. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemkos," by V. Kubijovych. Orthodox sources give a figure of 25,000. See Duc'-Fajfer, 93.
21. Ukrainians refer to the administrators as "pro-Polish" and "anti-Ukrainian"; see Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemko Apostolic Administration."
22. Ibid.
23. Best, 69.
24. Iwanusiw, 21.
25. Magocsi, "The Lemko Rusyns," 9.
26. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemkos."
27. Ibid., "Operation Wisla" by J. Jaworsky
28. Ibid.
29. Magocsi, 10.
30. Peter Hardy (1897-1989?) was a native of the Lemko Region village of Jurivci, Sanok county. For his biography, see Vasili Romanovich, " A Brief Outline of Galician-Russian Literature: Peter Semenovich Hardy, " The Truth (Philadelphia, Pa.), September 1977, 4.
31. Magocsi, 11.
32. Magocsi, "Zrod dovoha naroda, abo navertanja staroho problemu?," Narodny novynky (Presov, Slovakia, 1 September 1993, 1.
33. Alexander Bonkalo, The Rusyns / Rutenek (Ruszinok), trans. Ervin Bonkalo (Budapest: Franklin-Tarsulat, 1940; New York: East European Monographs, 1990), 77.
34. Y. F. Lemykn, Ystorija Lemkovyny (Yonkers, N.Y., 1969), trans. Alexander Vostok, in Karpatska Rus' (Yonkers, N.Y.), 5 April 1991, 3.
35. Lemkyn, 14 June 1991, 3.
36. "On the Subject of Lemkos," Karpatska Rus' (Yonkers, N.Y.) LXIV, no. 43, 2.
37. Duc'-Fajfer, 88.
38. Ibid., 89.
39. Bonkalo, 77.
40. Ibid., 78.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Magocsi, "The Birth of a New Nation, or the Return of an Old Problem?," Canadian Slavonic Papers XXXIV no. 3 (September 1993): 217.
45. The best example is the simple present tense of maty (to have):
Lemko: mam, mash, ma(t), mame, mate, majut;
Slovak: mam, mash, ma, mame, mate, maju;
Polish: mam, masz, ma, mame, mate, maju
Ukrainian: maju, majesh, maje, majemo, majete, majut'.
46. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemko dialects," by O. Horbach.
47. Lemkyn, 5 April 1991, 3.
48. Archyp Danyljuk, "Traditional Lemko Domestic Architecture," Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 9.
49. Lemkyn, 19 April 1991, 3.
50. Danyljuk, 9.
51. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemkos," by V. Kubijovych.
52. Ibid.
53. Lemkyn, 10 May 1991, 3.
54. Idem, 5 April 1991, 3.
55. Idem, 17 May 1991, 3.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Idem, 24 May 1991, 3.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. "Lemko Folk Crafts," Lemkivskyj narodnyj kalendar' na 1984 rik (Yonkers: Lemko Association, 1983): 202-203.
62. Ibid., 205.
63. Ibid..
64. Ibid., 207.
65. "More on the Subject of Lemkos," Lemkivskyj narodnyj kalendar' 1988-1991: 27.
66. "Lemko Garments," Forum: A Ukrainian Review no. 70 (Summer 1987): 16.
67. "More on the Subject of Lemko," 27.
68. "Lemko Garments."
69. Lemkyn, 31 May 1991, 3.
70. "More on the Subject of Lemkos," 27.
71. "Lemko Garments"
72. Ivan Krasovs'kyj, "Traditional Lemko Women's Clothing, " Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no. 3 (Autumn 1987): 6; "Lemko Garments," 13.
73. "Lemko Garments," 13-15.
74. Krasovs'kyj, 7.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 6.
77. "Lemko Garments," 13.
78. Ibid., 15.
79. "More on the Subject of Lemkos," 27.
80. Krasovs'kyj.
81. "More on the Subject of Lemkos."
82. "Lemko Garments," 15-16.
83. Lemkyn, 14 June 1991, 3.
84. Oleh Wolodymyr Iwanusiw, Cerkva v rujini / Church in Ruins (St. Catharines, Ont.: St. Sophia Religious Assn., 1987) , 22.
85. A Byzantine church's altar is oriented toward the east.
86. Ryszard Brykowski, "Wooden Orthodox Church Architecture of the Lemko People in Poland, Slovakia, and Carpathian Russia, " Karpatska Rus', 13 July 1990, 2.
87. David Buxton, The Wooden Churches of Eastern Europe: An Introductory Survey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 121.
88. Ibid., 143.
89. Masterpieces In Wood: Houses of Worship in Ukraine (New York: The Ukrainian Museum, 1987), 68.
90. Ibid.
91. This is another example of cultural communion with the Presov Region Rusyns; Lypovec is very close to the Dukla Pass, on the other side of which is the cluster of villages containing this variation of the Lemko-style church.
92. Brykowski.
93. Some sources date this church only from 1643.
94. Iwanusiw, 35.
95. Janina Klosinska, Icons From Poland (Warsaw: Arkady, 1989), trans. Magda Iwinska and Piotr Paszkiewicz, 5.
96.. E.g., Sviatoslav Hordynsky, The Ukrainian Icon of the XIIth to XVIIIth Centuries (Philadelphia: Providence Association, 1973), trans. Walter Dushnyck.
97. Klosinska, 9.
98. Ibid.
99. Hryhoryj Lohvyn, "Icon Painting in the Lemko Region," Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no. 3 (Fall 1987): 6.
100. Hordynsky, 24.
101. Lohvyn.
102. Hordynsky, 15.
103. Lohvyn, 4.
104. Klosinska, 15.
105. For a discussion of the Galician chant tradition, see Joseph Roll, "The Liturgical Music of the Ukrainian Catholic Church," Pastoral Musician, February/March 1988, 20-25. On the Subcarpathian Rus' chant tradition and its relation to Znamenny and other chants, see Joan L. Roccasalvo, The Plainchant Tradition of Southwestern Rus' (New York: East European Monographs, 1986).
106. I.e., the Great Lent before Easter, the Easter season, and Christmas.
107. This is a literal version of the typical English translation of the hymn as sung by Lemkos in the United States.
108. This is the free English translation of the hymn, as sung by Lemkos in the United States.
109. Bonkalo, 83.
110. "More on the Subject of Lemkos," 25.
111. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemkos."
112. "More on the Subject of Lemkos."
113. "Lemko folk Rites and Traditions," Lemkivskyj narodnyj kalendar' 1988-1991: 48-49.
114. Michael Roman, "Christmas Eve in the Carpathian Highlands," GCU Messenger (Homestead, Pa.0, 15 December 1988, 16.
115. Lemkyn, 28 June 1991, 3.
116. A full account of the Lemko wedding ceremony is given in "Traditional Lemko Weddings," Karpatska Rus', 31 August 1990, 1-2.
117. Lemkyn, 28 June 1991,3.
118. Emigrants from the village of Losje (Gorlice county) had one of the longest-lived kremesh traditions; the largest colony, that of Pricedale, Pennsylvania (near Charleroi, south of Pittsburgh) held an annual "Losjanskyj kermesh" for several decades since 1944.
119. A comprehensive analysis of the custom of vechirka is found in Zofia Ciesla-Reinfussowa, "Weczyrky' na Lemkowsczynie, "Materialy Muzeum Budnownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku no. 27 (Sanok, Poland): 73-89.
120. Chyljak (1843-1893) was a native of Wierchomla Wielka / Virchovnja Velyka, Nowy Sacz county and is buried in Litynja, Drohobych district of western Ukraine. For his biography, see Olena Duc, "Volodymyr Chyljak," Carpatho-Rusyn American X no. 3 (Autumn 1987): 3.
121. Rusenko (1890-1960) was born in Krasna, Krosno county and is buried in Korolivka, Ternopil' district of western Ukraine. For his biography, see Olena Duc, "Ivan Rusenko," Carpatho-Rusyn American X no. 4 (Winter 1987): 3.
122. It is interesting to note that the Lemkovyna Folk Ensemble when singing this poem, changes "v starom kraju" (in the old country) to "v nashym kraju" (in our country) -- perhaps in a sense reclaiming what is theirs.
123. After the Revolution of 1989 it was renamed the Union of Ukrainians in Poland, (Ob''jednannja Ukrajinciv Pol'shchy).
124. Magocsi, "The Lemko Rusyns," 10-11.
125. Jaroslav Hunka, "The Lemkos Today," Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no.4 (Winter 1987): 4-8.
126. Trochanovskij, 5.
127. It seems that Goch was one of the very first Lemkos to return to the region. When he returned there in 1954, he found many of the houses, including his grandfather's, in ruins. Financed with donations, he built a new house near the site of the family's old residence and converted his father's house to a museum. (see the text below). His story is detailed in Kvetoslave Koporova, "Z toho tista bude chlib...," Narodny novynky, 14 July 1993, 3.
128. Antonij Kroh, "A Village Museum and the Problems of Lemko Culture in contemporary Poland," Carpatho-Rusyn American X, no. 2, (Summer 1987): 4-5.
129. Ibid.
130. This festival, known today as the Lemko Vatra in Exile, continues to the present time; see the text below.
131. Volodymyr Gula, "A Holiday of Lemko Culture: The Opening Day," The Truth, December 1989, 5.
132. Magocsi, 11.
133. Gula.
134. Idem, "A Holiday of Lemko Culture: The Second Day," The Truth, January 1990, 5.
135. Idem, "A Holiday of Lemko Culture: The Concluding Day," The Truth, February 1990, 6.
136. Ivan Fil', "Odyn den' z Lemkivs'koju 'Vatroju' na ridnij zemli. Zhdynja, 1993," Lemkivshchyna (Clifton, N.J.), XV, no. (Fall 1993): 24.
137. Mychal Hajtko, "Dorohyj brat Aleksander.....," Karpatska Rus', 13 December 1991, 4.
138. Jan Kalynjak, "XII. Lemkivs'ka vatra na chushyni," Narodny novynky, 1 September 1993, 2.
139. Carpatho-Rusyn American XIV, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 6.
140. Mychaljo Donskyj, "Lemky v novij orhanizacii, Nashe slovo (Warsaw), cited in Karpatska Rus', 13 July 1990, 3.
141. Duc'-Fajfer, 97.
142. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Lemkovyna."
143. "Lemkovina in Poland Needs Assistance," Karpatska Rus', 5 April 1991, 1.
144. Carpatho-Rusyn American XV, no.1 (Spring 1992): 8.
145. Narodny novynky, 1 September 1993, 2.
146. "Koncert choru 'Lemkovyna' v Boryslavi," Lemkivshchyna XIII, no. 2 (Summer 1991): 23-24.
147. Fil'.
148. Kroh.
149. Ibid., 7.
150. John T. Zubal, "The Land That Time Forgot or In Search of the People Who Say 'Lem'," Carpatho-Rusyn American XV, no. 3 (Autumn 1992):4-5.
151. Mykola Hyrjak, "Litnij den' Lemkivshchny," Nove zhyttja (Presov), no. 27, 1992, 6.
152. Marija Mal'covs'ka, "Syla lemkivskoho slova," Narodny novynky, 27 October 1993, 1.
153. "Plan dijanja Muzeju Lemkivskoj Kul'tury v Zyndranovi na 1993 rik," Karpatska Rus', 23 July 1993, 3.
154. Magocsi, 11.
155. "The Second World Congress of Rusyns," Rusyn (Presov), no. 3 (1993): 22.
156. Duc'-Fajfer, 97.
157. Gula, "A Holiday of Lemko Culture: The Opening Day."
158. Carpatho-Rusyn American XV, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 9.
159. Magocsi, "Rusyn Culture and Scholarship: Present Status and Future Perspectives," Trembita (Plymouth, Minn.), no. 4 (September 1993): 1.
160. About thirty years before this interview, a small collective ensemble was formed there; the village council purchased costumes and musical instruments for it. V. Hnatenko, "Lemkos Make Their Mark: The Story of a Lemko Village in the Ternopol Region," Karpatska Rus', 21 June 1991. 1-2.
161. Osyp Lab''jak, "Novyny z Ukrajiny: Bravo dlja 'Lemkovyny, ' "Lemkivshchyna XV, no. 3 (Fall 1993): 21.
162. A. Hulak, "The Creative Credo of Lemkovina,' "Karpatska Rus', 13 September 1991, 1.
163. The bandura, the "national instrument" of Ukraine, was unknown in the Lemko Region.
164. Hulak.
165. "Unforgettable Impressions," The Truth, September 1989, 4.
166. Lab""jak, 22.
167. Among these is the recent Spivaje Lemkovyna recording of the Rudno-L'viv Lemkovyna Choir.
168. Petro Kohutov, "Songs Never Stop in the Beskids," Karpatska Rus', 14 June 1991, 1.
169. Gula, "Lemko Guests in Ukraine, " Karpatska Rus', 17 May 1991, 1.
170. Carpatho-Rusyn American XIII, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 4.
171. "Lemkos in Ternopol Organize," Karpatska Rus', 31 May 1991, 1.
172. I. Ivanciv, "Lemkivshscina Rallies People," Karpatska Rus', 15 November 1991, 1.
173. Gula, "Lemkivshchyna Society in Monastyrsk," Karpatska Rus', 2 August 1991, 2.
174. M. Ivanciv, "Fedor Goch Visits Ternopol Region," Karpatska Rus', 9 August 1991, 1.
175. "Lemko Cultural Soiree," Karpatska Rus', 1 November 1991, 1.
176. Gula, "Lemko Guest in Ukraine."
177. Idem. "Posvjacheno misce dlja cerkvy," Lemkivshchyna XIII, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 16-17.
178. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Peremyshl Eparchy," by W. Lencyk.
179. Tatiana Sandowicz, "In Memory of Rev. Maksym Sandowicz, a Martyr of Talehof," Karpatska Rus', 6 March 1992, 3.
180. "Canonization Set for Martyred Priest, The Church Messenger (Johnstown, Pa.), 24 October 1993, 7.
181. Encyclopedia of Ukraine, s.v. "Peremyshl Eparchy".
182. Nashe slovo, 6 November 1986.
183. Masterpieces in Wood: Houses of Worship in Ukraine, 95.
184. Hordyns'kyj, Ukrajins'ki cerkvy v Pol'shchi (Rome: Bohoslovia, 1969), 19.
185. Hordynsky, The Ukrainian Icon of the XIIth to XVIIIth Centuries, 23.
186. Hajtko.
187. Hunja, 8.