HISTORY OF CARPATHO-RUSYNS IN AMERICA
By Bogdan Horbal ©1996 all rights reserved.
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The largest community of Carpatho-Rusyns living beyond the Carpathians is
found in the United States. Today there are approximately 600,000 Americans of
Carpatho-Rusyn origin. A valuable discussion on Carpatho-Rusyn immigration can
be found in:
- Richard Renoff (b. 1936) and Stephen Reynolds (b. 1937) Editors,
Proceedings of the Conference on Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration,
Harvard University, 1975,
- Richard Renoff, Carpatho-Ruthenian Resources
and Assimilation 1880-1924, [Fairview, NJ, 1984];
- Paul R.Magocsi
(b.1945), Our People - Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North
America, Toronto, 1984;
- Alexander Baran (b.1926), "Carpatho-Ukrainian
Emigration 1870-1914", in: New Soil-Old Roots: The Ukrainian
Experience in Canada, Winnipeg 1983, p.252-275.
-
Ivan Ladizhinsky
(1905-1976) gives the example of immigration from one Carpatho-Rusyn village in:
Karpatorossy v Europi i Ameriki, primir Kamionka,
[Carpatho-Rusyns in Europe and America, the Example of [the Village] of
Kamionka], Cleveland, 1940.
- IUliian Bachyns'kyj (1870-19??) deals with the period before 1914 and
constantly blames Carpatho-Rusyns for anti-Ukrainian separatism in his:
Ukrains'ka immigratsiia v Z"iednanykh Derzhavach Ameryky [Ukrainian
Immigration in the United States], L'viv 1914.
On the same period see also:
Ladislav Tajtak, "Pereselennia ukraintsiv Skhidnoi Slovachchyny do 1913 r."
[The Emigration of Ukrainians from Eastern Slovakia before 1913], Duklia,
IX, 4 (Presov, 1961), p.97-103, and Oleksander Mytsiuk (1883-1943), "Z
emihratsii uhro-rusyniv pered svitovoiu viinoiu" [On the Emigration of the
Uhro-Rusyns Before the World War], Naukovyi zbornyk tovarystva Prosvita,
XIII-XIV (Uzhhorod, 1937-38), p.21-32.
Petr Kokhanik (1880-1969), describes the beginning of immigration and
(mostly Orthodox) religious life at that time, in his:
- Rus' i
pravoslavie v Sivernoi Amerikie, [Rus' and Orthodoxy in North America],
Wilkes-Barre, 1920, and also in: "Nachalo istorii Amerikanskoi Rusi"
[The Early History of American Rus'], reprinted in: Filipp I. Svistun
(1844-1916), Prikarpatskaia Rus' pod vladeniem Avstrii
[Galician Rus' under Austrian Rule], Trumbull, CT, 1970, p.473-496.
The
beginnings of the conversion of Carpatho-Rusyns to Orthodoxy can be also traced
in:
- Alexis Toth (1853-1909), Letters, Articles, Papers and Sermons,
vol.1-4, Chilliwack-Minneapolis, 1978-88.
The fate of Greek-Catholic Rusyns
could be researched in an anthology of documents, which was compiled by John
Slivka (1899-1986),
Historical Mirror Sources of the Rusin and
Hungarian Greek Rite Catholics in the United States of America 1884-1963,
Brooklyn 1978. See also: Walter Warzecki (b.1929) "The Rusin Community in
Pennsylvania", in: The Ethnic Experience in Pennsylvania,
Lewisburg, [1973], p.175-216 and Basil Shereghy (1918-1988), The
Byzantine Catholics, Pittsburgh, 1981.
Several documents describe the activity of American Carpatho-Rusyn and
Galician Russophiles:
- Memorandum Russkago kongressa v Amerikie,
sozvannago 'Soiuzom Osvobozhdennia Prikarpatskoi Rusi', posviashchaemyi
svobodnomu russkomu narodu v Rossii, Russkomu uchreditel'nomu sobraniu, Russkomu
pravitel'stvu [Memorandum of the Russian Congress in America, Called
Together by the League for the Liberation of Carpatho-Russia, Concerning Free
Russian Nation in Russia, Russian Constituent Meeting, Russian Government],
n.p., 1917;
- Memorandum of the Carpatho-Russian Council in America,
Concerning Eastern Galicia with Lemkivschina and Bukovina, New York,
1921;
- Tretii vseobshchii karpatorusskii kongress v Amerike
[The Third General Carpatho-Russian Congress in America] New York, 1919-20;
-
Victor Hladyk (1873-1947), Proekt memoranduma amerikanskikh grazhdan
karpatorusskago i voobshche russkago proiskhozhdeniia v dili vozsoedinieniia
vsikh russkikh zemel' s Rossiei [The Draft of the Memorandum of
American Citizens of Carpatho-Russian and Generally Russian Origin Dealing with
the Reunification of All the Russian Lands with Russia], Philadelphia, 1941.
One
document tells about Hungarian interest in American Rusyns: Hungary
Exposed:Secret State Document reveal[s] the plotting of that Government in the
United States. American Slovaks and Ruthenians...to be the victims,
[New York, 1907?].
On the political activity of Transcarpathian Rusyns during the turbulent
period after the First World War see:
Joseph Danko, "Plebiscite of
Carpatho-Ruthenians in the United States recommending Union of Carpatho-Ruthenia
with the Czechoslovak Republic", Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of
Arts and Sciences, XI, 1-2 (New York, 1964-68), p.184-207 (6 documents) and
Paul R.Magocsi (b.1945), "The Political Activity of Rusyn-American
Immigrants in 1918", East European Quarterly, X, 2 (Boulder,
Colorado, 1976), p.347-365. See also memoirs by one of the political activists
of that period, Petr Hatalák, Jak vznikla myslenka pripojity
Podkarpatskou Rus k Ceskoslovensku [How the Idea Arose to Unite
Subcarpathian Rus' with Czechoslovakia], Uzhhorod, 1935.
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